It can be nonfatal previously called near drowning or fatal. Drowning results in hypoxia, which can damage Impaired swallowing such as occurs after some strokes Overview of Stroke Strokes are a heterogeneous group of disorders involving sudden, focal interruption of cerebral blood flow that causes neurologic deficit. Respiratory devices and procedures eg, endotracheal tube placement—see Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Ventilator-associated pneumonia VAP develops at least 48 hours after endotracheal intubation.
The most common pathogens are gram-negative bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus; antibiotic-resistant Gastroesophageal reflux disease Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease GERD Incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter allows reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, causing burning pain. Prolonged reflux may lead to esophagitis, stricture, and rarely metaplasia Multiple substances are directly toxic to the lungs or stimulate an inflammatory response when aspirated; gastric acid is the most common such aspirated substance, but others include petroleum products particularly of low viscosity, such as petroleum jelly and laxative oils such as mineral, castor, and paraffin oil.
Petroleum products and laxative oils can cause lipoid pneumonia. Aspirated gasoline and kerosene also cause a chemical pneumonitis see Hydrocarbon Poisoning Hydrocarbon Poisoning Hydrocarbon poisoning may result from ingestion or inhalation.
Ingestion, most common among children 5 years, can result in aspiration pneumonitis. Inhalation, most common among adolescents Gastric contents cause damage mainly due to gastric acid, although food and other ingested material eg, activated charcoal as in treatment of overdose are injurious in quantity.
Gastric acid causes a chemical burn of the airways and lungs, leading to rapid bronchoconstriction, atelectasis Atelectasis Atelectasis is collapse of lung tissue with loss of volume. Patients may have dyspnea or respiratory failure if atelectasis is extensive. They may also develop pneumonia. Atelectasis is usually This syndrome may resolve spontaneously, usually within a few days, or may progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure AHRF, ARDS Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure is severe arterial hypoxemia that is refractory to supplemental oxygen.
It is caused by intrapulmonary shunting of blood resulting from airspace filling or Healthy people commonly aspirate small amounts of oral secretions, but normal defense mechanisms usually clear the inoculum without sequelae. Older patients tend to aspirate because of conditions associated with aging that alter consciousness eg, sedative use and other disorders eg, neurologic disorders, swallowing disorders.
Call for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Copyright A. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. Access myPennMedicine For Patients and Visitors. Patient Information. Conditions Treated A-Z. Aspiration Pneumonia. What is Aspiration Pneumonia? Some severe infections may result in long-term damage and scarring in the lungs and major airways.
Aspiration pneumonia is not always preventable, but some lifestyle choices can help reduce the risk. Drinking excessive alcohol or using illicit drugs raise the risk of aspiration pneumonia, as a person may be too intoxicated to swallow properly.
Prescription medications that affect the muscles or make a person overly drowsy can also increase the risk of aspiration pneumonia. Anyone who feels that their food regularly goes down the wrong pipe when they are taking prescription medications should talk to their doctor about adjusting the dosage or switching medications to avoid breathing in foreign particles. The outlook for people with aspiration pneumonia depends on a few critical factors, such as how soon the person went to the doctor with their symptoms, how far the symptoms progressed, and their general health before getting pneumonia.
Aspiration pneumonia appears to be more severe than the common form of pneumonia. In one study , researchers noted that people with aspirational pneumonia were much more likely to check into a hospital, stay in intensive care, or pass away from the illness compared to people with community-acquired pneumonia.
Doctors will carefully monitor older individuals or those with compromised immune systems to avoid life-threatening complications. Unless otherwise told by a doctor, always complete a full course of antibiotic treatment, even if symptoms go away early on in the treatment. Lifestyle changes, such as improving oral hygiene and quitting drugs or alcohol, may also help prevent aspiration pneumonia.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae can cause a mild bacterial infection in the lung, but more severe symptoms of pneumonia can also result. Most cases will resolve…. Some of the symptoms of pneumonia may be manageable at home. This article covers home remedies for pneumonia and when to see a doctor. Learn more here. Pneumonia is an infection of the lung tissue that can make it difficult to breathe due to inflammation, fluid, and pus.
In severe cases, it can be…. Pneumonitis is a condition where inhaling certain substances leads to an allergic reaction in the lungs. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world.
The Merck Manual was first published in as a service to the community. Learn more about our commitment to Global Medical Knowledge. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Common Health Topics. Commonly searched drugs. Aspiration Pneumonia. Chemical Pneumonitis. Test your knowledge. Asbestosis is widespread scarring of lung tissue caused by breathing asbestos dust.
Which of the following is responsible for the largest number of lung cancer cases among people with asbestosis? More Content. Symptoms include cough and shortness of breath. Treatment and prognosis differ depending on the substance that was aspirated. People who are especially at risk of aspiration pneumonia include people who. Are older. Are unconscious due to anesthesia, sedative drugs, or a medical condition.
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